printf(3) Library Functions Manual printf(3)
NAME
printf, fprintf, dprintf, sprintf, snprintf, vprintf, vfprintf,
vdprintf, vsprintf, vsnprintf - formatted output conversion
LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
int printf(const char *restrict format, ...);
int fprintf(FILE *restrict stream,
const char *restrict format, ...);
int dprintf(int fd,
const char *restrict format, ...);
int sprintf(char *restrict str,
const char *restrict format, ...);
int snprintf(char str[restrict .size], size_t size,
const char *restrict format, ...);
int vprintf(const char *restrict format, va_list ap);
int vfprintf(FILE *restrict stream,
const char *restrict format, va_list ap);
int vdprintf(int fd,
const char *restrict format, va_list ap);
int vsprintf(char *restrict str,
const char *restrict format, va_list ap);
int vsnprintf(char str[restrict .size], size_t size,
const char *restrict format, va_list ap);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see fea‐
ture_test_macros(7)):
snprintf(), vsnprintf():
_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 || _ISOC99_SOURCE
|| /* glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE
dprintf(), vdprintf():
Since glibc 2.10:
_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
Before glibc 2.10:
_GNU_SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
The functions in the printf() family produce output according to a
format as described below. The functions printf() and vprintf()
write output to stdout, the standard output stream; fprintf() and
vfprintf() write output to the given output stream; sprintf(),
snprintf(), vsprintf(), and vsnprintf() write to the character
string str.
The function dprintf() is the same as fprintf() except that it
outputs to a file descriptor, fd, instead of to a stdio(3) stream.
The functions snprintf() and vsnprintf() write at most size bytes
(including the terminating null byte ('\0')) to str.
The functions vprintf(), vfprintf(), vdprintf(), vsprintf(), vs‐
nprintf() are equivalent to the functions printf(), fprintf(),
dprintf(), sprintf(), snprintf(), respectively, except that they
are called with a va_list instead of a variable number of argu‐
ments. These functions do not call the va_end macro. Because
they invoke the va_arg macro, the value of ap is undefined after
the call. See stdarg(3).
All of these functions write the output under the control of a
format string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or argu‐
ments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities of
stdarg(3)) are converted for output.
C99 and POSIX.1-2001 specify that the results are undefined if a
call to sprintf(), snprintf(), vsprintf(), or vsnprintf() would
cause copying to take place between objects that overlap (e.g., if
the target string array and one of the supplied input arguments
refer to the same buffer). See CAVEATS.
Format of the format string
The format string is a character string, beginning and ending in
its initial shift state, if any. The format string is composed of
zero or more directives: ordinary characters (not %), which are
copied unchanged to the output stream; and conversion specifica‐
tions, each of which results in fetching zero or more subsequent
arguments. Each conversion specification is introduced by the
character %, and ends with a conversion specifier. In between
there may be (in this order) zero or more flags, an optional mini‐
mum field width, an optional precision and an optional length mod‐
ifier.
The overall syntax of a conversion specification is:
%[$][flags][width][.precision][length modifier]conversion
The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion) with
the conversion specifier. By default, the arguments are used in
the order given, where each '*' (see Field width and Precision be‐
low) and each conversion specifier asks for the next argument (and
it is an error if insufficiently many arguments are given). One
can also specify explicitly which argument is taken, at each place
where an argument is required, by writing "%m$" instead of '%' and
"*m$" instead of '*', where the decimal integer m denotes the po‐
sition in the argument list of the desired argument, indexed
starting from 1. Thus,
printf("%*d", width, num);
and
printf("%2$*1$d", width, num);
are equivalent. The second style allows repeated references to
the same argument. The C99 standard does not include the style
using '$', which comes from the Single UNIX Specification. If the
style using '$' is used, it must be used throughout for all con‐
versions taking an argument and all width and precision arguments,
but it may be mixed with "%%" formats, which do not consume an ar‐
gument. There may be no gaps in the numbers of arguments speci‐
fied using '$'; for example, if arguments 1 and 3 are specified,
argument 2 must also be specified somewhere in the format string.
For some numeric conversions a radix character ("decimal point")
or thousands' grouping character is used. The actual character
used depends on the LC_NUMERIC part of the locale. (See setlo‐
cale(3).) The POSIX locale uses '.' as radix character, and does
not have a grouping character. Thus,
printf("%'.2f", 1234567.89);
results in "1234567.89" in the POSIX locale, in "1234567,89" in
the nl_NL locale, and in "1.234.567,89" in the da_DK locale.
Flag characters
The character % is followed by zero or more of the following
flags:
# The value should be converted to an "alternate form". For
o conversions, the first character of the output string is
made zero (by prefixing a 0 if it was not zero already).
For x and X conversions, a nonzero result has the string
"0x" (or "0X" for X conversions) prepended to it. For a,
A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions, the result will always
contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow it (nor‐
mally, a decimal point appears in the results of those con‐
versions only if a digit follows). For g and G conver‐
sions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as
they would otherwise be. For m, if errno contains a valid
error code, the output of strerrorname_np(errno) is
printed; otherwise, the value stored in errno is printed as
a decimal number. For other conversions, the result is un‐
defined.
0 The value should be zero padded. For d, i, o, u, x, X, a,
A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions, the converted value is
padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks. If the 0
and - flags both appear, the 0 flag is ignored. If a pre‐
cision is given with an integer conversion (d, i, o, u, x,
and X), the 0 flag is ignored. For other conversions, the
behavior is undefined.
- The converted value is to be left adjusted on the field
boundary. (The default is right justification.) The con‐
verted value is padded on the right with blanks, rather
than on the left with blanks or zeros. A - overrides a 0
if both are given.
' ' (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number
(or empty string) produced by a signed conversion.
+ A sign (+ or -) should always be placed before a number
produced by a signed conversion. By default, a sign is
used only for negative numbers. A + overrides a space if
both are used.
The five flag characters above are defined in the C99 standard.
The Single UNIX Specification specifies one further flag charac‐
ter.
' For decimal conversion (i, d, u, f, F, g, G) the output is
to be grouped with thousands' grouping characters if the
locale information indicates any. (See setlocale(3).)
Note that many versions of gcc(1) cannot parse this option
and will issue a warning. (SUSv2 did not include %'F, but
SUSv3 added it.) Note also that the default locale of a C
program is "C" whose locale information indicates no thou‐
sands' grouping character. Therefore, without a prior call
to setlocale(3), no thousands' grouping characters will be
printed.
glibc 2.2 adds one further flag character.
I For decimal integer conversion (i, d, u) the output uses
the locale's alternative output digits, if any. For exam‐
ple, since glibc 2.2.3 this will give Arabic-Indic digits
in the Persian ("fa_IR") locale.
Field width
An optional decimal digit string (with nonzero first digit) speci‐
fying a minimum field width. If the converted value has fewer
characters than the field width, it will be padded with spaces on
the left (or right, if the left-adjustment flag has been given).
Instead of a decimal digit string one may write "*" or "*m$" (for
some decimal integer m) to specify that the field width is given
in the next argument, or in the m-th argument, respectively, which
must be of type int. A negative field width is taken as a '-'
flag followed by a positive field width. In no case does a nonex‐
istent or small field width cause truncation of a field; if the
result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field is
expanded to contain the conversion result.
Precision
An optional precision, in the form of a period ('.') followed by
an optional decimal digit string. Instead of a decimal digit
string one may write "*" or "*m$" (for some decimal integer m) to
specify that the precision is given in the next argument, or in
the m-th argument, respectively, which must be of type int. If
the precision is given as just '.', the precision is taken to be
zero. A negative precision is taken as if the precision were
omitted. This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for d,
i, o, u, x, and X conversions, the number of digits to appear af‐
ter the radix character for a, A, e, E, f, and F conversions, the
maximum number of significant digits for g and G conversions, or
the maximum number of characters to be printed from a string for s
and S conversions.
Length modifier
Here, "integer conversion" stands for d, i, o, u, x, or X conver‐
sion.
hh A following integer conversion corresponds to a signed char
or unsigned char argument, or a following n conversion cor‐
responds to a pointer to a signed char argument.
h A following integer conversion corresponds to a short or
unsigned short argument, or a following n conversion corre‐
sponds to a pointer to a short argument.
l (ell) A following integer conversion corresponds to a long
or unsigned long argument, or a following n conversion cor‐
responds to a pointer to a long argument, or a following c
conversion corresponds to a wint_t argument, or a following
s conversion corresponds to a pointer to wchar_t argument.
On a following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion, this
length modifier is ignored (C99; not in SUSv2).
ll (ell-ell). A following integer conversion corresponds to a
long long or unsigned long long argument, or a following n
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a long long argu‐
ment.
q A synonym for ll. This is a nonstandard extension, derived
from BSD; avoid its use in new code.
L A following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion corre‐
sponds to a long double argument. (C99 allows %LF, but
SUSv2 does not.)
j A following integer conversion corresponds to an intmax_t
or uintmax_t argument, or a following n conversion corre‐
sponds to a pointer to an intmax_t argument.
z A following integer conversion corresponds to a size_t or
ssize_t argument, or a following n conversion corresponds
to a pointer to a size_t argument.
Z A nonstandard synonym for z that predates the appearance of
z. Do not use in new code.
t A following integer conversion corresponds to a ptrdiff_t
argument, or a following n conversion corresponds to a
pointer to a ptrdiff_t argument.
SUSv3 specifies all of the above, except for those modifiers ex‐
plicitly noted as being nonstandard extensions. SUSv2 specified
only the length modifiers h (in hd, hi, ho, hx, hX, hn) and l (in
ld, li, lo, lx, lX, ln, lc, ls) and L (in Le, LE, Lf, Lg, LG).
As a nonstandard extension, the GNU implementations treats ll and
L as synonyms, so that one can, for example, write llg (as a syn‐
onym for the standards-compliant Lg) and Ld (as a synonym for the
standards compliant lld). Such usage is nonportable.
Conversion specifiers
A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
d, i The int argument is converted to signed decimal notation.
The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits
that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer
digits, it is padded on the left with zeros. The default
precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit preci‐
sion 0, the output is empty.
o, u, x, X
The unsigned int argument is converted to unsigned octal
(o), unsigned decimal (u), or unsigned hexadecimal (x and
X) notation. The letters abcdef are used for x conver‐
sions; the letters ABCDEF are used for X conversions. The
precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that
must appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits,
it is padded on the left with zeros. The default precision
is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit precision 0, the
output is empty.
e, E The double argument is rounded and converted in the style
[-]d.ddde±dd where there is one digit (which is nonzero if
the argument is nonzero) before the decimal-point character
and the number of digits after it is equal to the preci‐
sion; if the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the
precision is zero, no decimal-point character appears. An
E conversion uses the letter E (rather than e) to introduce
the exponent. The exponent always contains at least two
digits; if the value is zero, the exponent is 00.
f, F The double argument is rounded and converted to decimal no‐
tation in the style [-]ddd.ddd, where the number of digits
after the decimal-point character is equal to the precision
specification. If the precision is missing, it is taken as
6; if the precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point
character appears. If a decimal point appears, at least
one digit appears before it.
(SUSv2 does not know about F and says that character string
representations for infinity and NaN may be made available.
SUSv3 adds a specification for F. The C99 standard speci‐
fies "[-]inf" or "[-]infinity" for infinity, and a string
starting with "nan" for NaN, in the case of f conversion,
and "[-]INF" or "[-]INFINITY" or "NAN" in the case of F
conversion.)
g, G The double argument is converted in style f or e (or F or E
for G conversions). The precision specifies the number of
significant digits. If the precision is missing, 6 digits
are given; if the precision is zero, it is treated as 1.
Style e is used if the exponent from its conversion is less
than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision. Trail‐
ing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the re‐
sult; a decimal point appears only if it is followed by at
least one digit.
a, A (C99; not in SUSv2, but added in SUSv3) For a conversion,
the double argument is converted to hexadecimal notation
(using the letters abcdef) in the style [-]0xh.hhhhp±d; for
A conversion the prefix 0X, the letters ABCDEF, and the ex‐
ponent separator P is used. There is one hexadecimal digit
before the decimal point, and the number of digits after it
is equal to the precision. The default precision suffices
for an exact representation of the value if an exact repre‐
sentation in base 2 exists and otherwise is sufficiently
large to distinguish values of type double. The digit be‐
fore the decimal point is unspecified for nonnormalized
numbers, and nonzero but otherwise unspecified for normal‐
ized numbers. The exponent always contains at least one
digit; if the value is zero, the exponent is 0.
c If no l modifier is present, the int argument is converted
to an unsigned char, and the resulting character is writ‐
ten. If an l modifier is present, the wint_t (wide charac‐
ter) argument is converted to a multibyte sequence by a
call to the wcrtomb(3) function, with a conversion state
starting in the initial state, and the resulting multibyte
string is written.
s If no l modifier is present: the const char * argument is
expected to be a pointer to an array of character type
(pointer to a string). Characters from the array are writ‐
ten up to (but not including) a terminating null byte
('\0'); if a precision is specified, no more than the num‐
ber specified are written. If a precision is given, no
null byte need be present; if the precision is not speci‐
fied, or is greater than the size of the array, the array
must contain a terminating null byte.
If an l modifier is present: the const wchar_t * argument
is expected to be a pointer to an array of wide characters.
Wide characters from the array are converted to multibyte
characters (each by a call to the wcrtomb(3) function, with
a conversion state starting in the initial state before the
first wide character), up to and including a terminating
null wide character. The resulting multibyte characters
are written up to (but not including) the terminating null
byte. If a precision is specified, no more bytes than the
number specified are written, but no partial multibyte
characters are written. Note that the precision determines
the number of bytes written, not the number of wide charac‐
ters or screen positions. The array must contain a termi‐
nating null wide character, unless a precision is given and
it is so small that the number of bytes written exceeds it
before the end of the array is reached.
C (Not in C99 or C11, but in SUSv2, SUSv3, and SUSv4.) Syn‐
onym for lc. Don't use.
S (Not in C99 or C11, but in SUSv2, SUSv3, and SUSv4.) Syn‐
onym for ls. Don't use.
p The void * pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as
if by %#x or %#lx).
n The number of characters written so far is stored into the
integer pointed to by the corresponding argument. That ar‐
gument shall be an int *, or variant whose size matches the
(optionally) supplied integer length modifier. No argument
is converted. (This specifier is not supported by the
bionic C library.) The behavior is undefined if the con‐
version specification includes any flags, a field width, or
a precision.
m (glibc extension; supported by uClibc and musl.) Print
output of strerror(errno) (or strerrorname_np(errno) in the
alternate form). No argument is required.
% A '%' is written. No argument is converted. The complete
conversion specification is '%%'.
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful return, these functions return the number of char‐
acters printed (excluding the null byte used to end output to
strings).
The functions snprintf() and vsnprintf() do not write more than
size bytes (including the terminating null byte ('\0')). If the
output was truncated due to this limit, then the return value is
the number of characters (excluding the terminating null byte)
which would have been written to the final string if enough space
had been available. Thus, a return value of size or more means
that the output was truncated. (See also below under CAVEATS.)
If an output error is encountered, a negative value is returned.
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attrib‐
utes(7).
┌───────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬────────────────┐
│ Interface │ Attribute │ Value │
├───────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────────┤
│ printf(), fprintf(), │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe locale │
│ sprintf(), snprintf(), │ │ │
│ vprintf(), vfprintf(), │ │ │
│ vsprintf(), vsnprintf() │ │ │
└───────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴────────────────┘
STANDARDS
fprintf()
printf()
sprintf()
vprintf()
vfprintf()
vsprintf()
snprintf()
vsnprintf()
C11, POSIX.1-2008.
dprintf()
vdprintf()
GNU, POSIX.1-2008.
HISTORY
fprintf()
printf()
sprintf()
vprintf()
vfprintf()
vsprintf()
C89, POSIX.1-2001.
snprintf()
vsnprintf()
SUSv2, C99, POSIX.1-2001.
Concerning the return value of snprintf(), SUSv2 and C99
contradict each other: when snprintf() is called with
size=0 then SUSv2 stipulates an unspecified return value
less than 1, while C99 allows str to be NULL in this case,
and gives the return value (as always) as the number of
characters that would have been written in case the output
string has been large enough. POSIX.1-2001 and later align
their specification of snprintf() with C99.
dprintf()
vdprintf()
GNU, POSIX.1-2008.
glibc 2.1 adds length modifiers hh, j, t, and z and conversion
characters a and A.
glibc 2.2 adds the conversion character F with C99 semantics, and
the flag character I.
glibc 2.35 gives a meaning to the alternate form (#) of the m con‐
version specifier, that is %#m.
CAVEATS
Some programs imprudently rely on code such as the following
sprintf(buf, "%s some further text", buf);
to append text to buf. However, the standards explicitly note
that the results are undefined if source and destination buffers
overlap when calling sprintf(), snprintf(), vsprintf(), and vs‐
nprintf(). Depending on the version of gcc(1) used, and the com‐
piler options employed, calls such as the above will not produce
the expected results.
The glibc implementation of the functions snprintf() and vs‐
nprintf() conforms to the C99 standard, that is, behaves as de‐
scribed above, since glibc 2.1. Until glibc 2.0.6, they would re‐
turn -1 when the output was truncated.
BUGS
Because sprintf() and vsprintf() assume an arbitrarily long
string, callers must be careful not to overflow the actual space;
this is often impossible to assure. Note that the length of the
strings produced is locale-dependent and difficult to predict.
Use snprintf() and vsnprintf() instead (or asprintf(3) and
vasprintf(3)).
Code such as printf(foo); often indicates a bug, since foo may
contain a % character. If foo comes from untrusted user input, it
may contain %n, causing the printf() call to write to memory and
creating a security hole.
EXAMPLES
To print Pi to five decimal places:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0));
To print a date and time in the form "Sunday, July 3, 10:02",
where weekday and month are pointers to strings:
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n",
weekday, month, day, hour, min);
Many countries use the day-month-year order. Hence, an interna‐
tionalized version must be able to print the arguments in an order
specified by the format:
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, format,
weekday, month, day, hour, min);
where format depends on locale, and may permute the arguments.
With the value:
"%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\n"
one might obtain "Sonntag, 3. Juli, 10:02".
To allocate a sufficiently large string and print into it (code
correct for both glibc 2.0 and glibc 2.1):
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
char *
make_message(const char *fmt, ...)
{
int n = 0;
size_t size = 0;
char *p = NULL;
va_list ap;
/* Determine required size. */
va_start(ap, fmt);
n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap);
va_end(ap);
if (n < 0)
return NULL;
size = (size_t) n + 1; /* One extra byte for '\0' */
p = malloc(size);
if (p == NULL)
return NULL;
va_start(ap, fmt);
n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap);
va_end(ap);
if (n < 0) {
free(p);
return NULL;
}
return p;
}
If truncation occurs in glibc versions prior to glibc 2.0.6, this
is treated as an error instead of being handled gracefully.
SEE ALSO
printf(1), asprintf(3), puts(3), scanf(3), setlocale(3), str‐
fromd(3), wcrtomb(3), wprintf(3), locale(5)
Linux man-pages 6.06 2023-10-31 printf(3)
Compilation message
examination.cpp:33:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
33 | Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see fea‐
| ^
examination.cpp:60:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
60 | The functions vprintf(), vfprintf(), vdprintf(), vsprintf(), vs‐
| ^
examination.cpp:63:69: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
63 | are called with a va_list instead of a variable number of argu‐
| ^
examination.cpp:69:69: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
69 | format string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or argu‐
| ^
examination.cpp:83:64: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
83 | copied unchanged to the output stream; and conversion specifica‐
| ^
examination.cpp:87:69: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
87 | there may be (in this order) zero or more flags, an optional mini‐
| ^
examination.cpp:88:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
88 | mum field width, an optional precision and an optional length mod‐
| ^
examination.cpp:97:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
97 | the order given, where each '*' (see Field width and Precision be‐
| ^
examination.cpp:102:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
102 | "*m$" instead of '*', where the decimal integer m denotes the po‐
| ^
examination.cpp:115:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
115 | style using '$' is used, it must be used throughout for all con‐
| ^
examination.cpp:117:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
117 | but it may be mixed with "%%" formats, which do not consume an ar‐
| ^
examination.cpp:118:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
118 | gument. There may be no gaps in the numbers of arguments speci‐
| ^
examination.cpp:123:21: warning: missing terminating ' character
123 | or thousands' grouping character is used. The actual character
| ^
examination.cpp:123:21: error: missing terminating ' character
123 | or thousands' grouping character is used. The actual character
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
examination.cpp:124:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
124 | used depends on the LC_NUMERIC part of the locale. (See setlo‐
| ^
examination.cpp:137:15: error: invalid preprocessing directive #The
137 | # The value should be converted to an "alternate form". For
| ^~~
examination.cpp:143:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
143 | contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow it (nor‐
| ^
examination.cpp:144:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
144 | mally, a decimal point appears in the results of those con‐
| ^
examination.cpp:145:67: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
145 | versions only if a digit follows). For g and G conver‐
| ^
examination.cpp:150:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
150 | a decimal number. For other conversions, the result is un‐
| ^
examination.cpp:156:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
156 | and - flags both appear, the 0 flag is ignored. If a pre‐
| ^
examination.cpp:162:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
162 | boundary. (The default is right justification.) The con‐
| ^
examination.cpp:176:67: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
176 | The Single UNIX Specification specifies one further flag charac‐
| ^
examination.cpp:179:8: warning: missing terminating ' character
179 | ' For decimal conversion (i, d, u, f, F, g, G) the output is
| ^
examination.cpp:179:8: error: missing terminating ' character
179 | ' For decimal conversion (i, d, u, f, F, g, G) the output is
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
examination.cpp:180:46: warning: missing terminating ' character
180 | to be grouped with thousands' grouping characters if the
| ^
examination.cpp:180:46: error: missing terminating ' character
180 | to be grouped with thousands' grouping characters if the
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
examination.cpp:183:66: warning: missing terminating ' character
183 | and will issue a warning. (SUSv2 did not include %'F, but
| ^
examination.cpp:183:66: error: missing terminating ' character
183 | and will issue a warning. (SUSv2 did not include %'F, but
| ^~~~~~~~
examination.cpp:185:69: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
185 | program is "C" whose locale information indicates no thou‐
| ^
examination.cpp:186:20: warning: missing terminating ' character
186 | sands' grouping character. Therefore, without a prior call
| ^
examination.cpp:186:20: error: missing terminating ' character
186 | sands' grouping character. Therefore, without a prior call
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
examination.cpp:187:45: warning: missing terminating ' character
187 | to setlocale(3), no thousands' grouping characters will be
| ^
examination.cpp:187:45: error: missing terminating ' character
187 | to setlocale(3), no thousands' grouping characters will be
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
examination.cpp:193:26: warning: missing terminating ' character
193 | the locale's alternative output digits, if any. For exam‐
| ^
examination.cpp:193:26: error: missing terminating ' character
193 | the locale's alternative output digits, if any. For exam‐
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
examination.cpp:194:32: error: too many decimal points in number
194 | ple, since glibc 2.2.3 this will give Arabic-Indic digits
| ^~~~~
examination.cpp:198:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
198 | An optional decimal digit string (with nonzero first digit) speci‐
| ^
examination.cpp:206:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
206 | flag followed by a positive field width. In no case does a nonex‐
| ^
examination.cpp:220:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
220 | i, o, u, x, and X conversions, the number of digits to appear af‐
| ^
examination.cpp:227:67: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
227 | Here, "integer conversion" stands for d, i, o, u, x, or X conver‐
| ^
examination.cpp:231:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
231 | or unsigned char argument, or a following n conversion cor‐
| ^
examination.cpp:235:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
235 | unsigned short argument, or a following n conversion corre‐
| ^
examination.cpp:239:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
239 | or unsigned long argument, or a following n conversion cor‐
| ^
examination.cpp:248:69: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
248 | conversion corresponds to a pointer to a long long argu‐
| ^
examination.cpp:254:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
254 | L A following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion corre‐
| ^
examination.cpp:259:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
259 | or uintmax_t argument, or a following n conversion corre‐
| ^
examination.cpp:273:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
273 | SUSv3 specifies all of the above, except for those modifiers ex‐
| ^
examination.cpp:279:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
279 | L as synonyms, so that one can, for example, write llg (as a syn‐
| ^
examination.cpp:291:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
291 | precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit preci‐
| ^
examination.cpp:297:67: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
297 | X) notation. The letters abcdef are used for x conver‐
| ^
examination.cpp:306:20: error: extended character ± is not valid in an identifier
306 | [-]d.ddde±dd where there is one digit (which is nonzero if
| ^
examination.cpp:308:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
308 | and the number of digits after it is equal to the preci‐
| ^
examination.cpp:315:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
315 | f, F The double argument is rounded and converted to decimal no‐
| ^
examination.cpp:325:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
325 | SUSv3 adds a specification for F. The C99 standard speci‐
| ^
examination.cpp:336:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
336 | than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision. Trail‐
| ^
examination.cpp:337:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
337 | ing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the re‐
| ^
examination.cpp:343:58: error: extended character ± is not valid in an identifier
343 | (using the letters abcdef) in the style [-]0xh.hhhhp±d; for
| ^
examination.cpp:344:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
344 | A conversion the prefix 0X, the letters ABCDEF, and the ex‐
| ^
examination.cpp:348:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
348 | for an exact representation of the value if an exact repre‐
| ^
examination.cpp:350:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
350 | large to distinguish values of type double. The digit be‐
| ^
examination.cpp:352:67: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
352 | numbers, and nonzero but otherwise unspecified for normal‐
| ^
examination.cpp:357:69: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
357 | to an unsigned char, and the resulting character is writ‐
| ^
examination.cpp:358:67: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
358 | ten. If an l modifier is present, the wint_t (wide charac‐
| ^
examination.cpp:366:69: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
366 | (pointer to a string). Characters from the array are writ‐
| ^
examination.cpp:368:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
368 | ('\0'); if a precision is specified, no more than the num‐
| ^
examination.cpp:370:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
370 | null byte need be present; if the precision is not speci‐
| ^
examination.cpp:385:67: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
385 | the number of bytes written, not the number of wide charac‐
| ^
examination.cpp:386:68: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
386 | ters or screen positions. The array must contain a termi‐
| ^
examination.cpp:391:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
391 | C (Not in C99 or C11, but in SUSv2, SUSv3, and SUSv4.) Syn‐
| ^
examination.cpp:392:32: warning: missing terminating ' character
392 | onym for lc. Don't use.
| ^
examination.cpp:392:32: error: missing terminating ' character
392 | onym for lc. Don't use.
| ^~~~~~~
examination.cpp:394:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
394 | S (Not in C99 or C11, but in SUSv2, SUSv3, and SUSv4.) Syn‐
| ^
examination.cpp:395:32: warning: missing terminating ' character
395 | onym for ls. Don't use.
| ^
examination.cpp:395:32: error: missing terminating ' character
395 | onym for ls. Don't use.
| ^~~~~~~
examination.cpp:398:22: error: stray '#' in program
398 | if by %#x or %#lx).
| ^
examination.cpp:398:29: error: stray '#' in program
398 | if by %#x or %#lx).
| ^
examination.cpp:401:71: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
401 | integer pointed to by the corresponding argument. That ar‐
| ^
examination.cpp:405:70: error: extended character ‐ is not valid in an identifier
405 | bionic C library.) The behavior is undefined if the con‐
| ^
examination.cpp:414:43: warning: multi-character character constant [-Wmultichar]
414 | conversio
