#include <iostream>
#define int long long
using namespace std;
int nbTests;
const int MAX_VALS = 201;
int valMax;
int depart[MAX_VALS], besoin[MAX_VALS];
void init() {
cin >> valMax;
for (int idV = 0; idV < valMax; idV++) {
cin >> depart[idV];
besoin[idV] = 0;
}
depart[valMax] = 0, besoin[valMax] = 1;
}
void fabrique(int nb, int nbFois) {
if (nbFois > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
besoin[i]+=nbFois;
}
}
}
int compteOp() {
for (int nb = valMax; nb >= 0; nb--) {
int diff = besoin[nb] - depart[nb];
fabrique(nb, diff);
}
int nbOp = 0;
for (int nb = 0; nb <= valMax; nb++) {
if (besoin[nb] > depart[nb]) nbOp += besoin[nb] - depart[nb];
}
return nbOp;
}
signed main() {
ios::sync_with_stdio(false), cin.tie(0);
cin >> nbTests;
for (int idT = 0; idT < nbTests; idT++) {
init();
cout << compteOp() << '\n';
}
return 0;
}
